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On the Dynastic Trail

The houses and townhouses of the “Tsarskaya Tropа” (“Czar’s Trail”) complex are being built in the village of Gaspra in Crimea – to the west and east of the palaces of the former grand-ducal residence “Ai-Todor”. One of the main challenges for the architects at KPLN, who developed the project, was to respond appropriately to this significant neighboring heritage. How this influenced the massing, the façades, and the way the authors work with the terrain is explored in our article.

21 October 2025
Overview
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The site chosen by the developer for this high-end residential complex places a special responsibility on the architects: before becoming the Rosa Luxemburg Children’s Health Resort in Soviet time, it belonged to the Russian imperial family. Together with Empress Maria Alexandrovna’s “Livadia” estate and Emperor Nicholas I’s “Oreanda” estate, the Ai-Todor estate complex formed the so-called Tsar’s Coast on Crimea’s southern shore.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Places of interest
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Transport accessibility
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The land at Ai-Todor was acquired in 1869 by Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov for his wife Olga Feodorovna, who later passed the estate to their son Alexander. Looking at archival photographs – lush greenery against mountain backdrops, wicker chairs, window awnings, and numerous children in white outfits – one feels the impact of the 20th century particularly acutely.

During the “Romanov” period, construction at the estate followed designs by Yalta architects. Mikhail Kotenkov was the author of the surviving palace with peculiar carved wooden elements on its façade. In 1912, under a design by Nikolai Krasnov, a “wing” was built for Alexander’s seven children: this two-story building reflected the Grand Duke’s fascination with archaeology, with facades and interiors adorned with antique bas-reliefs, presumably found during excavations of the Roman fortress Charax on Ai-Todor Cape. These two buildings, along with the school built in 1912, were later converted into the health resort buildings. The church survives today as a residential building, and a number of outbuildings have also endured. Another relic of the time is the so-called “Horizontal Trail” initiated by Alexander – the very Tsarskaya Tropа along which one could reach Livadia. It was this trail that inspired the name for the new residential complex.

The health resort continued operating in the estate buildings until 2017, when it was put up for sale. Only two buildings – the Small and Children’s Palaces – have regional cultural heritage status. In accordance with the established preservation requirements, height restrictions are imposed. No major restorations of the complex have been undertaken to date.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. The site boundaries and heritage sites
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Axonometry
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The Ai-Todor estate covered more than 200 hectares during the imperial period; today, as seen in the plan above, the protected zone outlines the historic palaces, while on the adjacent plots, buildings from 2 to 8 stories are permitted. In addition to the palaces, the 1860 Dining Hall will also be preserved and restored. However, neither the timeline nor the contractor for this work is known, nor is the future function of the buildings.

It is clear that one of the main tasks for Sergey Nikeshkin and the architects at KPLN was, on the one hand, to maintain distance from the heritage monuments, and on the other, to respond in some way to the historic surroundings.

Accordingly, the project authors, as the terrain allows, push the construction toward the site boundaries, thereby enlarging the central “island”. This creates two wedges framing the estate buildings. The smaller wedge, located in the western part, consists of three-story townhouses. The larger wedge in the east comprises mostly eight-story apartment buildings, as well as four urban villas whose scale corresponds to the historic structures. Another block of townhouses will be built on the site of the 1912 school, separated by a stretch of road; this “enclave” will be connected to the main plot via a pedestrian bridge leading toward the boulevard and the historic staircase to the Children’s Palace.

“Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. The master plan
Copyright: © KPLN


On the southern side of the site, along Maratovskaya Street, a structured urban space is formed, defined by a stylobate that unites five buildings. The stylobate is integrated into the terrain with a 5-meter difference in elevation; parking and storage are located in the recessed section, while the lobbies and commercial spaces face the street. A similar “semi-underground” level exists in the freestanding buildings on the northern side of the “wedge”. The architects propose to disguise the stylobate with greenery – as if a hill “grows” through the buildings, with illuminated shopfronts leading into stores built directly into the hill; this effect is common, especially in southern cities. The “hill effect” is thus achieved through vertical greenery that transitions into green roofs.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Stage 2. Buildings 4,5,6,7,8,9. Plan of the 1st floor
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Plans of the standard floors
    Copyright: © KPLN


KPLN employed a similar, even more ambitious solution in their project for the Karachay-Cherkessia airport, where they essentially turned the airport roof into an artificial hill – here, however, the design rather echoes the surroundings. From the upper side, pedestrians will be able to walk directly onto the stylobate roof, and all roofs of the new complex’s buildings will be accessible, landscaped, and usable by the future residents and their guests.

Within the rows of townhouses, the area takes on a distinctly suburban character – without shops or cafés, but still featuring well-maintained sidewalks, lighting, and small front gardens.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. The townhouses. Plans of the standard floors
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Townhouse Type 4. Section view
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Townhouse Type 1. Section view
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Townhouse Type 2. Section view
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex. Townhouse Type 1. Plan of the standard floor
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All of the eight-story buildings have an almost square rectangular construction footprint and a unified sculptural composition: the top two floors are recessed, creating open terraces facing the sea. This orientation is not just logical, but almost inevitable for resort housing. Looking at the urban landscape of Gaspra as a whole – or at least the immediate surroundings of Ai-Todor – one sees, as in nearly all our Black Sea settlements and seaside resorts, a coexistence of two or three types of housing: for example, twelve-story panel buildings alongside individual houses, or large hotel blocks next to private cottages.

Here, the townhouses rather relate to the individual houses of the village, forming a low-rise fabric of roughly the same height, while the eight-story buildings “dialogue” with the Soviet-era apartment blocks. The site also has a significant height difference: the townhouses and nearby village houses sit around 190 meters above sea level, while the taller buildings, like the ones composed of Soviet apartments, are about 10 meters higher. This creates different volumetric relationships: the first cluster flows into itself, not rising much above the trees, while the taller buildings engage in a dialogue across a distance of 300 meters.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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The heritage monuments in the central part of Ai-Todor act more like observers: by stepping back from the palaces, the residential buildings create a sort of polite buffer – a pause that could potentially become a zone for future historical and cultural development.

While the massing of Tsarskaya Tropа primarily responds to the morphology of the surrounding Gaspra development, the façade solutions introduce a number of new approaches relevant to contemporary architecture.

The façade grid of the eight-story buildings forms modules stacked over two stories – a very current technique aimed primarily at visually reducing scale, with the additional benefit of creating more slender, vertical proportions. Another modern motif is arches without imposts or archivolts. These come in several variations: throughout the complex, in buildings of any height, there are arches made of stone or golden perforated mesh; in the townhouses, decorative elements are minimal, with flat stone surfaces, while in the larger buildings, the stone surface is incised with shallow grooves, emphasizing the form for better readability from a distance.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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Metal alternates with stone here, just as the arches alternate with orthogonal grids. In the townhouses, these changes occur more frequently, section by section, facilitated by the “sawtooth” arrangement of the block volumes, slightly offset from one another. In the eight-story buildings, the facades alternate as well, with two adjacent facades on the same volume usually differing. Altogether – especially with the arches made of light Jurassic limestone – the composition evokes both temple bays and oriental mashrabiya screens, thereby responding to the character and historical legacy of the site.

The alternation of arches and grids also references the architecture of the Ai-Todor estate buildings, although this is neither a background nor an imperial-historicist style: it is an independent statement in both proportional composition and materiality.

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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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    “Tsarskaya Tropа” housing complex
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The ceiling heights in the apartments reach 3.6 meters, providing a comfortable scale and, of course, noticeably taller than the Soviet twelve-story buildings on the same slope. Slightly more than half of the units in the eight-story buildings are studios, reflecting the resort nature of the area, while apartments with the best views – of the sea, the palace complex, and the mountains – are multi-room units. Some of the first-floor apartments have small front gardens. In several units, including studios, a one-and-a-half floor height is planned, with a mezzanine level for the bedroom. Apartment sizes range from 23 to 204 square meters.

While the buildings themselves have been pushed toward the edges, landscaping occupies a substantial part of the site: surrounding the palace buildings, the initial stretch of the Tsarskaya Tropа leading from Maratovskaya Street, and the grand staircase. Valuable old trees – cypresses, sequoias, cedars, oaks, and others – are planned for preservation. Near the townhouses and the new church, an artificial pond will be added. The architects actively use the terrain to create a diverse landscape through amphitheaters, cascades, labyrinths, and stepped garden compositions. Attractors, as well as children’s and sports playgrounds, will be connected by a pedestrian boulevard.

Construction of the complex has already begun, with completion planned by 2030.

21 October 2025

Headlines now
On the Dynastic Trail
The houses and townhouses of the “Tsarskaya Tropа” (“Czar’s Trail”) complex are being built in the village of Gaspra in Crimea – to the west and east of the palaces of the former grand-ducal residence “Ai-Todor”. One of the main challenges for the architects at KPLN, who developed the project, was to respond appropriately to this significant neighboring heritage. How this influenced the massing, the façades, and the way the authors work with the terrain is explored in our article.
A New Path
The main feature of the Yar Park project, designed by Sergey Skuratov for Kazan, is that it is organized along the “spine” of a multifunctional mall with an impressive multi-height atrium space in its middle. The entire site, both on the city side and the Kazanka River embankment, is open to the public. The complex is intended not to become “yet another fenced enclave” but, as urban planners say, a “polycenter” – a new point of attraction for the whole of Kazan, especially its northern part, made up of residential districts that until now have lacked such a vibrant public space. It represents a new urban planning approach to a high-density mixed-use development situated in the city center – in a sense, an “anti-quarter”. Even Moscow, one might say, doesn’t yet have anything quite like it. Well, lucky Kazan!
Beneath the Azure Sky
A depository designed by Studio 44 will soon be built in Kenozersky National Park to preserve and display the so-called “heavens” – ceiling structures characteristic of wooden churches in the Russian North, painted with biblical scenes. For each of these “heavens”, the architects created a volume corresponding in scale and dimensions to the original church interior. The result is a honeycomb-like composition, with modules derived directly from the historic monuments themselves, allowing visitors to view the icons from the historically accurate angle – from below, looking upward. How exactly this works is the subject of our story.
​The Power of Lines
The building at the very beginning of New Arbat is the result of long deliberations over how to replace the former House of Communication. Contemporary, dynamic, and even somewhat zoomorphic in character, it is structured around a large diagonal grid. The building has become a striking accent both in the perspective of the former Kalinin Avenue and in the panorama of Arbat Square. Yet, unfortunately, the original concept was not fully realized. In 2020, the Moscow ArchCouncil approved a design featuring an exoskeleton – an external load-bearing structure, which eventually turned into a purely decorative element. Still, the power of the supergraphic “holds” the building, giving it the qualities of a new urban landmark with iconic potential. How this concept took shape, what unexpected associations might underlie the grid’s form, and why the exoskeleton was never built – all this is explored in our article.
Resort on the Kama River
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Nests in Primorye
The eco-park project “Nests”, designed by Aleksey Polishchuk and the company Power Technologies, received first prize at the Eco-Coast 2025 festival, organized by the Union of Architects of Russia. For a glamping site in Filinskaya Bay, the authors proposed bird-shaped houses, treehouses, and a nest-shaped observation platform, topping it all with an entrance pavilion executed in the shape of an owl.
The Angle of String Tension
The House of Music, designed by Vladimir Plotkin and the architects of TPO Reserve, resembles a harp, and when seen from above, even a bass clef. But if only it were that simple! The architecture of the complex fuses two distinct expressive languages: the lattice-like, transparent, permeable vocabulary of “classical” modernism and the sculptural, ribbon-like volumes so beloved by today’s neo-modernism. How it all works – where the catharsis lies, which compositional axes underpin the design, where the project resembles Zaryadye Concert Hall and where it does not – read in the article below.
How Historic Tobolsk Becomes a Portal to the Future
Over the past decade, the architectural company Wowhaus has developed urban strategies for several Russian cities – Vyksa, Tula, and Nizhnekamsk, to name but a few. Against this backdrop, the Tobolsk master plan stands out both for its scale – the territory under transformation covers more than 220 square kilometers – and for its complexity.
St. Petersburg vs Rome
The center of St. Petersburg is, as we know, sacred – but few people can say with certainty where this “sacred place” actually begins and ends. It’s not about the formal boundaries, “from the Obvodny Canal to the Bolshaya Nevka”, but about the vibe that feels true to the city center. With the Nevskaya Ratusha complex – built to a design that won an international competition – Evgeny Gerasimov and Sergei Tchoban created an “image of the center” within its territory. And not so much the image of St. Petersburg itself, as that of a global metropolis. This is something new, something that hasn’t appeared in the city for a long time. In this article, we study the atmosphere, recall precedents, and even reflect on who and when first called St. Petersburg the “new Rome”. Clearly, the idea is alive for a reason.
On the Wave
The project of transforming the river port and embankment in the city of Cheboksary, developed by the ATRIUM Architects, involves one of the city’s key areas. The Volga embankment is to be turned into a riverside boulevard – a multifunctional, comfortable, and expressive space for work and leisure activities. The authors propose creating a new link with the city’s main Krasnaya (“Red”) Square, as well as erecting several residential towers inspired by the shape of the traditional national women’s headdress – these towers are likely to become striking accents on the Volga panorama.
Valery Kanyashin: “We Were Given a Free Hand”
The Headliner residential complex, the main part of which was recently completed just across from Moscow City, is a kind of neighbor to the MIBC that doesn’t “play along” with it. On the contrary, the new complex is entirely built on contrast: like a city of differently scaled buildings that seems to have emerged naturally over the past 20 years – which is a hugely popular trend nowadays! And yet here – perhaps only here – such a project has been realized to its full potential. Yes, high-rises dominate, but all these slender, delicate profiles, all these exciting perspectives! And most importantly – how everything is mixed and composed together... We spoke with the project’s leader Valery Kanyashin.
​The Keystone
Until quite recently, premium residential and office complexes in Moscow were seen as the exclusive privilege of the city center. Today the situation is changing: high-quality architecture is moving beyond the confines of the Third Ring Road and appearing on the outskirts. The STONE Kaluzhskaya business center is one such example. Projects like this help decentralize the megalopolis, making life and work prestigious in any part of the city.
Perpetuum Mobile
The interior of the headquarters of Natsproektstroy, created by the IND studio team, vividly and effectively reflects the client’s field of activity – it is one of Russia’s largest infrastructure companies, responsible for logistics and transport communications of every kind you can possibly think of.
Water and Light
Church art is full of symbolism, and part of it is truly canonical, while another part is shaped by tradition and is perceived by some as obligatory. Because of this kind of “false conservatism”, contemporary church architecture develops slowly compared to other genres, and rarely looks contemporary. Nevertheless, there are enthusiasts in this field out there: the cemetery church of Archangel Michael in Apatity, designed by Dmitry Ostroumov and Prokhram bureau, combines tradition and experiment. This is not an experiment for its own sake, however – rather, the considered work of a contemporary architect with the symbolism of space, volume, and, above all, light.
Champions’ Cup
At first glance, the Bell skyscraper on 1st Yamskogo Polya Street, 12, appears strict and laconic – though by no means modest. Its economical stereometry is built on a form close to an oval, one of UNK architects’ favorite themes. The streamlined surface of the main volume, clad in metal louvers, is sliced twice with glass incisions that graphically reveal the essence of the original shape: both its simplicity and its complexity. At the same time, dozens of highly complex engineering puzzles have been solved here.
Semi-Digital Environment
In the town of Innopolis, a satellite of Kazan, the first 4-star hotel designed by MAD Architects has opened. The interiors of the hotel combine elegance with irony, and technology with comfort, evoking the atmosphere of a computer game or maybe a sci-fi movie about the near future.
History never ends
The old railway station in Kapan, a city in southern Armenia, has been given new life by the Paris-based design firm Normal Studio. Today, it serves as a TUMO center.
A Deep, Crystal Shine
A new luxury residential development by ADM architects is set to rise in the Patriarch’s Ponds district, not far from Novopushkinsky Square. It will replace three buildings erected in the early 1990s. The project authors, Andrey Romanov and Ekaterina Kuznetsova, have placed their bets on the variety among the three volumes, modern design solutions, and attention to detail: one of the buildings will feature smoothly curved balconies with a ceramic sheen on their undersides, while another will be accented by glass “sculpture” columns.
Grigory Revzin: “What we should do with the architecture of the seventies”
Soviet modernism came in two flavors: the good, author-driven kind, and the bad, standardized kind. The good kind was “on the periphery”, while the bad kind was in the center – geographically, in terms of attention, scale, and everything else. Can we demolish it? “That would be destroying public consensus out of thin air”. So what should we do? Preserve it, but creatively: “Bring architecture into places where it hasn’t yet appeared”. Treat these buildings not as monuments, but as urban landscape. Read our interview with Grigory Revzin on the pressing topic of saving modernism – where he proposes a controversial, yet really intriguing, way of preserving 1970s buildings.
A Roadside Picnic of Urban Planning Theorists
Marina Egorova, head of Empate Architectural Bureau, brought together urban planning theorists – the successors of Alexey Gutnov and Vyacheslav Glazychev – to revive the substance and depth of professional discourse. At the first meeting, much ground was covered: the participants revisited the theoretical foundations, aligned their values, examined a cutting-edge case of the Kazan agglomeration, and concluded with the unfathomable intricacies of Russian land demarcation. Below, we present key takeaways from all the presentations.
Perspective View
CNTR Architects has designed a business center for a new district in Yekaterinburg, aiming to reduce the need for commuting and make the residential environment more diverse. The architectural solutions are equally focused on creating spatial flexibility, comfortable working conditions, and a memorable image that could allow the building to become a spatial landmark of the district.
Malevich and Bathhouses, Nature and High-Tech
The Malevich Bathhouse complex is scheduled to open in the fall of 2025 on the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway. The project, designed by DBA-GROUP under the leadership of Vladislav Andreev, is an example of an unconventional approach to the image of a spa in general and of a bathhouse in particular. Deliberately avoiding any kind of allusion, the architects opted for streamlined forms with characteristic rounded corners, a combination of wood with bent glass, and restrained contemporary shapes – both inside and out. Let’s take a closer look at the project.
Rather, a Tablecloth and a Glass!
After many years, the long-abandoned Horse Guards Department building in St. Petersburg has finally received the attention it deserves: according to a design by Studio 44, the first restoration and adaptation works are scheduled to begin this year. Both the intended function and the general scope of works imply minimal alteration to the complex, which has preserved traces of its three-century history. All solutions are reversible and aimed, above all, at opening the monument to the city and immersing it in a lively social scene – hence the choice of a cultural center scenario with a strong gastronomic component.
​Materialization of Airflows
The Nikolai Kamov International Airport in Tomsk opened at the end of August last year. We have already written about the project – now we are taking a look at the completed building. Its functionality is reinforced by symbolic undertones: the architects at ASADOV sought to reflect local identity in the architecture as fully as possible.
The City as a Narrative
Sergey Skuratov’s approach to large urban plots could best be described as a “total design code”. The architect pays equal attention to the overall composition and the smallest of details, striving to ensure that every aspect is thoroughly thought out and subordinated to the original vision. It’s a Renaissance-like approach, really – a titanic effort demanding remarkable willpower and perseverance. The results are likewise grand – architecture that makes a statement. This article looks at the revived concept for the central section of the Seventh Heaven residential district in Kazan, a composition so thoroughly considered that even the “gradient of visual emphasis” (sic!) across the facades has been carefully worked out. It also touches on the narrative idea behind the project – and even the architect’s own doubts about it.
A Garden of Hope for Freedom
In October, at the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal, the Prison Yard Garden opened on the site that had served as a prison from the 18th century until the Khrushchev Thaw. The architectural concept was developed by NOῨD Short Film, and the landscape design by the MOX landscape bureau. In fact, there are two gardens here – very different ones. We try to understand whether they evoke the right emotions in visitors, while also showing the beauty of June’s ruderal plants in bloom.
A Laconic Image of Time
The Time Square residential complex, built on the northern edge of St. Petersburg, appears more concise and efficient than its neighbor and predecessor, the New Time complex. Nevertheless, the architect’s hand is clearly felt: themes of “black and white”, “inside and outside”, and most notably, the “lamellar” quality of the facades that seems to visibly “eat away” at the buildings’ mass – everything is played out like a well-written score. One is reminded of both classical modernism and the so-called “post-constructivism”.
The Flower of the Lake
The prototype for the building of the Kamal Theater in Kazan is an ice flower: a rare and fragile natural phenomenon of Lake Kaban “froze” in the large, soaring outlines of the glass screens enclosing the main volume, shaping its silhouette and shielding the stained-glass windows from the sun. The project, led by the Wowhaus consortium and including global architecture “star” Kengo Kuma, won the 2021/2022 competition and was realized close to the original concept in a short – very short – period of time. The theater opened in early 2025. It was Kengo Kuma who proposed the image of an ice flower and the contraposition of cold on the outside and warmth on the inside. Between 2022 and 2024, Wowhaus did everything possible to bring this vision to life, practically living on-site. Now we are taking a closer look at this landmark building and its captivating story.
Peaceful Integration on Mira Avenue
The MIRA residential complex (the word mir means “peace” in Russian), perched above the steep banks of the Yauza River and Mira Avenue, lives up to its name not only technically, but also visually and conceptually. Sleek, high-rise, and glass-clad, it responds both to Zholtovsky’s classicism and to the modernism of the nearby “House on Stilts”. Drawing on features from its neighbors, it reconciles them within a shared architectural language rooted in contemporary façade design. Let’s take a closer look at how this is done.
An Interior for a New Format of Education
The design of the new building for Tyumen State University (TyumSU) was initially developed before the pandemic but later revised to meet new educational requirements. The university has adopted a “2+2+2” system, which eliminates traditional divisions into groups and academic streams in favor of individualized study programs. These changes were implemented swiftly – right at the start of construction. Now that the building is complete, we are taking a closer look.