По-русски

Øystein Rø: “Colonial model” is the preferred modus operandi of the mineral industry in the High North

In an interview with Archi.ru, Norwegian architect Øystein Rø discusses future development of Barents Region, new medias for architecture dissemination and comfort as a driving force in creating architecture.
Øystein Rø, architect from architecture office Transborder Studio and co-founder of the architecture and art gallery 0047 in Oslo, visited Moscow to take part in the open discussion “Pezaniki: Russian-Norwegian neighbourhood” that took place June 7th at the Strelka Institute.

20 June 2013
Interview
mainImg
Archi.ru:
Your 0047 gallery curated the Year of architecture 2011 – nationwide celebration of National Association of Norwegian Architects’ centenary. There were conferences, open house days and other “interactive” events, but no grand exhibitions. How did you develop this strategy?

Øystein Rø:
We were chosen as curators following a call for ideas. We saw the Year of architecture as celebration of National Association of Norwegian Architects (NAL) and its members. So we wanted to mobilize the members, we wanted them to participate, to have them create the event and not just have some centrally organized exhibition of 100 years of NAL. We came up with models for how NAL and architects could work in a dialogue with society. As a result, there were over 100 events all over Norway in 2011, and it is my opinion that during the Year of Architecture architects renewed the Association and renewed their view why it is important to come together outside their offices and have this common platform for architectural discussion and debate. During the Year of Architecture we challenged the usual mode of architecture dissemination that is very architect-centric, like traditional exhibition showing models etc. Architects too often like to talk only to other architects. We pushed organizers and contributors of programs to explore other ways of promoting architecture. I think that the result was quite impressive: there were TV- and radio programs, debates, built projects, activism programs – different ways of discussing architecture. I think there is a lot of potential in exploring new medias for architecture dissemination, one successful example being the Strelka Institute that is very well integrated in city life with its summer public lecture program. The main event of 2011, the Festival of Architecture was a cross-section of all these activities in one space that lasted 10 days. There was also an international conference: we invited foreign architects to Norway to discuss how architects can engage in the development of society.
Archi.ru:
And now you are organizing another conference – for Oslo Triennale of Architecture in autumn 2013. What will it be?

Ø.R.:
It will be part of the project by Rotor from Belgium that curates the main exhibition, they have also laid out a curatorial platform for the Triennale and we are responding to that. The theme of the Triennale is “Behind the Green Door”, it is dedicated to the concept of sustainability – its historical and contemporary meaning and its place in the architectural production. In the conference “The Future of Comfort” we’ll discuss sustainability from the point of view of comfort as a driving force in creating architecture and also the environmental consequences of that eternal search for better comfort, for more luxury. And we want to discuss how architecture can create a more sustainable lifestyle, how we as architects can open up, push, enable people to pursue a lifestyle that doesn’t harm the environment as much as it does today. So we will explore architecture as an enabler for how people live their lives – as frameworks for new ways of living.

Archi.ru:
In 2009 you published a book on Barents region, Northern Experiments that is based on Barents Urban Survey 2009. What has changed there since then?

Ø.R.:
I see three important things that have happened in the region after we published our book. The most important thing being the delimitation that ended the border dispute between Russia and Norway (2010). Now the map is laid out and the game can begin, so to speak. Another important event is the establishment of a border pass for local citizens so they may now travel across the border as often as they want. It can really change how people use the border areas. And then you have the Shtokman gas field development, a huge Norwegian-Russian-French collaboration that was predicted to be very important for the future of the Barents sea. It is now terminated, and that is a big change, probably for the better. I think this is a reminder that the world is changing and that the role of this region can too.
Archi.ru:
On June 7th you took part in the discussion “Pezaniki: Russian-Norwegian neighbourhood” at the Strelka Institute. What was its most interesting topic for you?

Ø.R.:
For me the most interesting thing was what former consulate in Kirkenes Anatoly Smirnov said about plans for development of a new port in the Pechenga fjord: this means new activities in the borderland, a new reading of the possibilities there. It would be an important step in bringing out the potential of this area. It also represents a demilitarization because now this fjord is controlled by the military. The second interesting topic was the rumor that Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev would present a clean up plan for PechengaNickel chemical plant area (this plant belongs to “Norilsk Nickel“ company and is situated in Nikel settlement). It will be great news if it turns out to be true because this ecological disaster area needs change.

Archi.ru:
But even if we don’t talk about the ecological disaster and military zone that dampen the development of this region, there are also universal problems of life in the High North. For example, in Polar regions of Canada, in Greenland there are problems with unemployment, high alcoholic consumption and so on. What is the social-economic situation in the Norwegian High North?

Ø.R.:
For a long time there were problems here too: people, especially young citizens, moved away, but now the situation is changing. The Finnmark county is experiencing a growth of population and SØr-Varanger municipality now has a lot of positions they need new people to take – and people do come there, but even more are still needed. Finnmark still is an area for state support: subsidies, special civic tax system. If you live there, parts of your student loan are paid back to you, there are other financial models that encourage people to reside and do business there. The moment where this won’t be necessary anymore will come sooner rather than later, I think.
Archi.ru:
There are mines and other ‘unsustainable’ industries there. What steps has the Norwegian state taken to neutralize their negative influence on the environment?

Ø.R.:
From my point of view, the state is doing too little, it could be more interested in this problem. There is now a new topic on the agenda – the emergence of new mineral industries in Norway, in Northern Norway in particular. “Colonial model”, the term that Tatiana Bazanova used during our discussion while describing the financial model of Norilsk Nickel’s operations in Pechenga district, seems to be the preferred modus operandi of the mineral industry. I think this is going to be a key topic of the future discussion of the development of the High North. It is very relevant there, in mining industry in particular because these companies do the same thing. They don’t pay a local tax to the municipality, so only people who work in mines pay a tax. But in Kirkenes large shares of the miners don’t actually live there, they work there for a week and then fly back home and pay taxes there. So Kirkenes is basically left with nothing except destroyed nature. It is a type of modern colonialism. It is not sustainable and it should not be a model for the future of mining, at least it should not be in Norway - or in Russia for that matter. In Norway these mining companies invest in the local economy as little as possible. It is a dramatic change in comparison to the situation when Kirkenes was founded around 100 years ago. Then the mining company was responsible for everything: homes, infrastructure, welfare. The town was created by the mining company because it wanted people to live there and have a good life. Now companies reduce their responsibility as much as possible. We led a studio at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design on the emerging mineral industry, not only Norway, but on a global scale, on an industry now venturing into new and unexplored areas on land and even under water: we are witnessing a dramatic and unprecedented quest for minerals that is reshaping the surface of the earth.

Archi.ru:
If we are talking of the High North as a global region of growth, what could architects do for these areas?

Ø.R.:
Architects can create models for the urban development, how towns and cities there can be designed. These could be new, better types of cities that bring nature and built environment together harmoniously. It is absolutely necessary given the increasing activity in the High North and the fragility of the nature here. I believe architects can and should be agents for a sustainable development of the High North.


20 June 2013

Headlines now
Beneath the Azure Sky
A depository designed by Studio 44 will soon be built in Kenozersky National Park to preserve and display the so-called “heavens” – ceiling structures characteristic of wooden churches in the Russian North, painted with biblical scenes. For each of these “heavens”, the architects created a volume corresponding in scale and dimensions to the original church interior. The result is a honeycomb-like composition, with modules derived directly from the historic monuments themselves, allowing visitors to view the icons from the historically accurate angle – from below, looking upward. How exactly this works is the subject of our story.
​The Power of Lines
The building at the very beginning of New Arbat is the result of long deliberations over how to replace the former House of Communication. Contemporary, dynamic, and even somewhat zoomorphic in character, it is structured around a large diagonal grid. The building has become a striking accent both in the perspective of the former Kalinin Avenue and in the panorama of Arbat Square. Yet, unfortunately, the original concept was not fully realized. In 2020, the Moscow ArchCouncil approved a design featuring an exoskeleton – an external load-bearing structure, which eventually turned into a purely decorative element. Still, the power of the supergraphic “holds” the building, giving it the qualities of a new urban landmark with iconic potential. How this concept took shape, what unexpected associations might underlie the grid’s form, and why the exoskeleton was never built – all this is explored in our article.
Resort on the Kama River
Wowhaus has developed a project for the reconstruction of Korabelnaya Roshcha (“Mast Grove”), a wellness resort located on the banks of the Kama River.
Nests in Primorye
The eco-park project “Nests”, designed by Aleksey Polishchuk and the company Power Technologies, received first prize at the Eco-Coast 2025 festival, organized by the Union of Architects of Russia. For a glamping site in Filinskaya Bay, the authors proposed bird-shaped houses, treehouses, and a nest-shaped observation platform, topping it all with an entrance pavilion executed in the shape of an owl.
The Angle of String Tension
The House of Music, designed by Vladimir Plotkin and the architects of TPO Reserve, resembles a harp, and when seen from above, even a bass clef. But if only it were that simple! The architecture of the complex fuses two distinct expressive languages: the lattice-like, transparent, permeable vocabulary of “classical” modernism and the sculptural, ribbon-like volumes so beloved by today’s neo-modernism. How it all works – where the catharsis lies, which compositional axes underpin the design, where the project resembles Zaryadye Concert Hall and where it does not – read in the article below.
How Historic Tobolsk Becomes a Portal to the Future
Over the past decade, the architectural company Wowhaus has developed urban strategies for several Russian cities – Vyksa, Tula, and Nizhnekamsk, to name but a few. Against this backdrop, the Tobolsk master plan stands out both for its scale – the territory under transformation covers more than 220 square kilometers – and for its complexity.
St. Petersburg vs Rome
The center of St. Petersburg is, as we know, sacred – but few people can say with certainty where this “sacred place” actually begins and ends. It’s not about the formal boundaries, “from the Obvodny Canal to the Bolshaya Nevka”, but about the vibe that feels true to the city center. With the Nevskaya Ratusha complex – built to a design that won an international competition – Evgeny Gerasimov and Sergei Tchoban created an “image of the center” within its territory. And not so much the image of St. Petersburg itself, as that of a global metropolis. This is something new, something that hasn’t appeared in the city for a long time. In this article, we study the atmosphere, recall precedents, and even reflect on who and when first called St. Petersburg the “new Rome”. Clearly, the idea is alive for a reason.
On the Wave
The project of transforming the river port and embankment in the city of Cheboksary, developed by the ATRIUM Architects, involves one of the city’s key areas. The Volga embankment is to be turned into a riverside boulevard – a multifunctional, comfortable, and expressive space for work and leisure activities. The authors propose creating a new link with the city’s main Krasnaya (“Red”) Square, as well as erecting several residential towers inspired by the shape of the traditional national women’s headdress – these towers are likely to become striking accents on the Volga panorama.
Valery Kanyashin: “We Were Given a Free Hand”
The Headliner residential complex, the main part of which was recently completed just across from Moscow City, is a kind of neighbor to the MIBC that doesn’t “play along” with it. On the contrary, the new complex is entirely built on contrast: like a city of differently scaled buildings that seems to have emerged naturally over the past 20 years – which is a hugely popular trend nowadays! And yet here – perhaps only here – such a project has been realized to its full potential. Yes, high-rises dominate, but all these slender, delicate profiles, all these exciting perspectives! And most importantly – how everything is mixed and composed together... We spoke with the project’s leader Valery Kanyashin.
​The Keystone
Until quite recently, premium residential and office complexes in Moscow were seen as the exclusive privilege of the city center. Today the situation is changing: high-quality architecture is moving beyond the confines of the Third Ring Road and appearing on the outskirts. The STONE Kaluzhskaya business center is one such example. Projects like this help decentralize the megalopolis, making life and work prestigious in any part of the city.
Perpetuum Mobile
The interior of the headquarters of Natsproektstroy, created by the IND studio team, vividly and effectively reflects the client’s field of activity – it is one of Russia’s largest infrastructure companies, responsible for logistics and transport communications of every kind you can possibly think of.
Water and Light
Church art is full of symbolism, and part of it is truly canonical, while another part is shaped by tradition and is perceived by some as obligatory. Because of this kind of “false conservatism”, contemporary church architecture develops slowly compared to other genres, and rarely looks contemporary. Nevertheless, there are enthusiasts in this field out there: the cemetery church of Archangel Michael in Apatity, designed by Dmitry Ostroumov and Prokhram bureau, combines tradition and experiment. This is not an experiment for its own sake, however – rather, the considered work of a contemporary architect with the symbolism of space, volume, and, above all, light.
Champions’ Cup
At first glance, the Bell skyscraper on 1st Yamskogo Polya Street, 12, appears strict and laconic – though by no means modest. Its economical stereometry is built on a form close to an oval, one of UNK architects’ favorite themes. The streamlined surface of the main volume, clad in metal louvers, is sliced twice with glass incisions that graphically reveal the essence of the original shape: both its simplicity and its complexity. At the same time, dozens of highly complex engineering puzzles have been solved here.
Semi-Digital Environment
In the town of Innopolis, a satellite of Kazan, the first 4-star hotel designed by MAD Architects has opened. The interiors of the hotel combine elegance with irony, and technology with comfort, evoking the atmosphere of a computer game or maybe a sci-fi movie about the near future.
History never ends
The old railway station in Kapan, a city in southern Armenia, has been given new life by the Paris-based design firm Normal Studio. Today, it serves as a TUMO center.
A Deep, Crystal Shine
A new luxury residential development by ADM architects is set to rise in the Patriarch’s Ponds district, not far from Novopushkinsky Square. It will replace three buildings erected in the early 1990s. The project authors, Andrey Romanov and Ekaterina Kuznetsova, have placed their bets on the variety among the three volumes, modern design solutions, and attention to detail: one of the buildings will feature smoothly curved balconies with a ceramic sheen on their undersides, while another will be accented by glass “sculpture” columns.
Grigory Revzin: “What we should do with the architecture of the seventies”
Soviet modernism came in two flavors: the good, author-driven kind, and the bad, standardized kind. The good kind was “on the periphery”, while the bad kind was in the center – geographically, in terms of attention, scale, and everything else. Can we demolish it? “That would be destroying public consensus out of thin air”. So what should we do? Preserve it, but creatively: “Bring architecture into places where it hasn’t yet appeared”. Treat these buildings not as monuments, but as urban landscape. Read our interview with Grigory Revzin on the pressing topic of saving modernism – where he proposes a controversial, yet really intriguing, way of preserving 1970s buildings.
A Roadside Picnic of Urban Planning Theorists
Marina Egorova, head of Empate Architectural Bureau, brought together urban planning theorists – the successors of Alexey Gutnov and Vyacheslav Glazychev – to revive the substance and depth of professional discourse. At the first meeting, much ground was covered: the participants revisited the theoretical foundations, aligned their values, examined a cutting-edge case of the Kazan agglomeration, and concluded with the unfathomable intricacies of Russian land demarcation. Below, we present key takeaways from all the presentations.
Perspective View
CNTR Architects has designed a business center for a new district in Yekaterinburg, aiming to reduce the need for commuting and make the residential environment more diverse. The architectural solutions are equally focused on creating spatial flexibility, comfortable working conditions, and a memorable image that could allow the building to become a spatial landmark of the district.
Malevich and Bathhouses, Nature and High-Tech
The Malevich Bathhouse complex is scheduled to open in the fall of 2025 on the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway. The project, designed by DBA-GROUP under the leadership of Vladislav Andreev, is an example of an unconventional approach to the image of a spa in general and of a bathhouse in particular. Deliberately avoiding any kind of allusion, the architects opted for streamlined forms with characteristic rounded corners, a combination of wood with bent glass, and restrained contemporary shapes – both inside and out. Let’s take a closer look at the project.
Rather, a Tablecloth and a Glass!
After many years, the long-abandoned Horse Guards Department building in St. Petersburg has finally received the attention it deserves: according to a design by Studio 44, the first restoration and adaptation works are scheduled to begin this year. Both the intended function and the general scope of works imply minimal alteration to the complex, which has preserved traces of its three-century history. All solutions are reversible and aimed, above all, at opening the monument to the city and immersing it in a lively social scene – hence the choice of a cultural center scenario with a strong gastronomic component.
​Materialization of Airflows
The Nikolai Kamov International Airport in Tomsk opened at the end of August last year. We have already written about the project – now we are taking a look at the completed building. Its functionality is reinforced by symbolic undertones: the architects at ASADOV sought to reflect local identity in the architecture as fully as possible.
The City as a Narrative
Sergey Skuratov’s approach to large urban plots could best be described as a “total design code”. The architect pays equal attention to the overall composition and the smallest of details, striving to ensure that every aspect is thoroughly thought out and subordinated to the original vision. It’s a Renaissance-like approach, really – a titanic effort demanding remarkable willpower and perseverance. The results are likewise grand – architecture that makes a statement. This article looks at the revived concept for the central section of the Seventh Heaven residential district in Kazan, a composition so thoroughly considered that even the “gradient of visual emphasis” (sic!) across the facades has been carefully worked out. It also touches on the narrative idea behind the project – and even the architect’s own doubts about it.
A Garden of Hope for Freedom
In October, at the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in Suzdal, the Prison Yard Garden opened on the site that had served as a prison from the 18th century until the Khrushchev Thaw. The architectural concept was developed by NOῨD Short Film, and the landscape design by the MOX landscape bureau. In fact, there are two gardens here – very different ones. We try to understand whether they evoke the right emotions in visitors, while also showing the beauty of June’s ruderal plants in bloom.
A Laconic Image of Time
The Time Square residential complex, built on the northern edge of St. Petersburg, appears more concise and efficient than its neighbor and predecessor, the New Time complex. Nevertheless, the architect’s hand is clearly felt: themes of “black and white”, “inside and outside”, and most notably, the “lamellar” quality of the facades that seems to visibly “eat away” at the buildings’ mass – everything is played out like a well-written score. One is reminded of both classical modernism and the so-called “post-constructivism”.
The Flower of the Lake
The prototype for the building of the Kamal Theater in Kazan is an ice flower: a rare and fragile natural phenomenon of Lake Kaban “froze” in the large, soaring outlines of the glass screens enclosing the main volume, shaping its silhouette and shielding the stained-glass windows from the sun. The project, led by the Wowhaus consortium and including global architecture “star” Kengo Kuma, won the 2021/2022 competition and was realized close to the original concept in a short – very short – period of time. The theater opened in early 2025. It was Kengo Kuma who proposed the image of an ice flower and the contraposition of cold on the outside and warmth on the inside. Between 2022 and 2024, Wowhaus did everything possible to bring this vision to life, practically living on-site. Now we are taking a closer look at this landmark building and its captivating story.
Peaceful Integration on Mira Avenue
The MIRA residential complex (the word mir means “peace” in Russian), perched above the steep banks of the Yauza River and Mira Avenue, lives up to its name not only technically, but also visually and conceptually. Sleek, high-rise, and glass-clad, it responds both to Zholtovsky’s classicism and to the modernism of the nearby “House on Stilts”. Drawing on features from its neighbors, it reconciles them within a shared architectural language rooted in contemporary façade design. Let’s take a closer look at how this is done.
An Interior for a New Format of Education
The design of the new building for Tyumen State University (TyumSU) was initially developed before the pandemic but later revised to meet new educational requirements. The university has adopted a “2+2+2” system, which eliminates traditional divisions into groups and academic streams in favor of individualized study programs. These changes were implemented swiftly – right at the start of construction. Now that the building is complete, we are taking a closer look.
Penthouses and Kokoshniks
A new residential complex designed by ASADOV Architects for the Krasnaya Roza business district responds to its proximity to 17th-century landmarks – the chambers of the Hamovny Dvor and St. Nicholas Church – as well as to the need to preserve valuable façades of a historic rental house built in the Russian Revival style. The architects proposed a set of buildings of varying heights, whose façades reference ecclesiastical architecture. But we were also able to detect other associations.