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Igor Schwartzman: "We do everything for the project to be implemented from beginning to end".

The leader of the architectural studio "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" on the company's new projects and plans.

18 November 2013
Interview
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Archi.ru:
Igor, in December it will be two years since you and your team moved into the new office. How are you faring along professionally in your new home? What has your studio been up to?

Igor Schwartzman: 
We are pretty much into our main activity - meaning, we are developing various projects at various stages and of various degrees of complexity, supervising them down the point of final implementation. And, while two years ago we would often lament the fact that we were forced to busy ourselves with conceptual contests - i.e., we had little of "real" work, now, luckily, the tables have turned: we have a lot of field work to do and now all of our departments are loaded to capacity. 

- Did these project arise over the last two years or are you finishing what was launched still before the crisis?

- Both ways. There are projects that were launched 3-4 years ago and even earlier - now we are breathing new life into them and getting them into shape, and this gives us a great feeling that our efforts did not ultimately go to waste. And there are also commissions that are brand-new, ones that we got through tenders or directly from the investors. In other words, we are living an eventful professional life: we take part in tenders, supervise the implementation of our already developed projects, and search for the perfect marriage between our vision of this or that object and the customer's requirements. You know that our company never was into doing sketches alone - we do everything for the project to be implemented from beginning to end. 

- As far as I know, right now you have a whole number of projects being implemented. For one, the residential complex "Literator" ("Man of Letters" - translator's note) that is currently in construction. 

- Yes, right now we are doing the author supervision there and I think that next year this complex will be put into operation. Recently we also developed for it the project of interiors and public areas. Initially, we made them rather laconic, spinning it all around the contrast and unity of the quality wood and stone in the contemporary style that is characteristic for us but then we altered our project because the customer wanted interiors that would be a little "warmer" and "closer to the literature theme". I must confess that groping for the compromise was not that easy: the last thing we wanted to do was use the direct associations, this would have been cheap, really. First of all, we refrained form the idea of associating each building of the complex with this or that writer, or maybe a fiction hero, or anything of the sort. We also introduced a different type of lights, shrank the vertical fracturing of the wooden wall that frames the lounge zone, and enriched the plastics of the he stone surface with differently-sized niches framed with natural wood. And it is these niches that you can, if necessary, introduce your "literature" into - pictures of writers, maybe statuettes, books, and the like. Generally, however, the style of this complex remained emphatically up-to-date - for us it was a crucial point.
 
Interiors of the public areas of "Literator" residential complex. The original version. Chief architect of the project: A.Medvedev. © "Sergey Kisselev and Partners".

Interiors of the public areas of "Literator" residential complex. The implemented version. Chief architect of the project: A.Medvedev. © "Sergey Kisselev and Partners".

- Speaking of 3D-modeling, how often are you able to "infect" your customer with your certainty of the righteousness of the solutions that you offer? 

- In this sense, a great example can be set by a recent object of ours that is presently being completed - the administrative and business center of the 1st kilometer of the Rublevo-Uspenskoe Highway. The main author of the project that was developed back in 2007 was Sergey Kisselev, and it was him that came up with the main "image" idea - the building looks as if it was wrapped up into a broad band. For us, it was really important to keep both the original compositional design and the plastique of the facades of this complex. Over the recent years, our customer has many times tried to talk us into straightening out the side walls and the roofs of the buildings but we have been able to prove it to him that the trivial parallelepipeds would have looked dull and inappropriate here, and we are really grateful to him for his being inclined to listen to the architects' opinion. Yes, we gave up a few "pre-crisis" luxuries - but we still were able to keep the dramatic look of the building. 

Administration and business center on the 1st kilometer of the Rublevo-Uspenskoe Highway. Chief architect of the project: V.Barmin, A.Khomyakova.© "Sergey Kisselev and Partners".

- Yet another "long-living" project is the reconstruction of Block 109 in the neighborhood of Textilschiki, where Sergey Kisselev, according to his figurative expression, was able to "whistle a tune". 

- This is a project that got from "Pioneer" company the name of "Volzhskaya-Life". It underwent several changes during its implementation, even though we still were able to keep the original idea of there being this "structural grid" whose segments are filled with tiles of different colors. Two buildings got extra floors; in one of the buildings, the function of the lower floors changed. Besides, the complex got yet another building, this new volume in fact heading the array of six already complete buildings. 
Residential neighborhood in Tekstilschiki. Chief architect of the project: V.Shvetsov. © "Sergey Kisselev and Partners"


So here was the dilemma: either to design a new tower in this same style or visually adjust to it the housing of the entire block. A lot of options were developed, some of them appealed to us, some - to our customer, and the final word was said by Moskomarkhitektura that recommended the more reserved out of the compromised options that we proposed. This building is also dominated by the grid but, with the consideration of its situation and its dimensions, its cells are made larger, the vertical fractures are accentuated, and the facades are painted two different colors, which create the impression of some animal's hide turned inside out. 

Residential neighborhood in Tekstilschiki. A fragment of a complete house. Chief architect of the project: V.Shvetsov. © "Sergey Kisselev and Partners.
Residential neighborhood in Tekstilschiki. Buildind 7. Chief architect of the project: V.Shvetsov. © "Sergey Kisselev and Partners.

- The architects of your studio generally like working with colors, preferring the bright shades and striking color combinations - like the "Avant-garde" building that got much critical acclaim. 

- Bright colors are not and end in itself - it is only one of the means of creating a great environment to live in. And we by no means always try to make the facades of our buildings as bright and as cheerful as possible. In a sense, this theme shows through in our new project that we developed for "Pioneer" company - the multi-purpose center on the Mitinskaya Street, 16. These are two volumes - the 10-story business center with a highly developed public area and a 23-story apart-hotel, both standing on a single stylobate that houses retail stores, a fitness center, and a parking garage - the very typology of the object of commercial property being revolutionary for the center of Moscow. We developed quite a few options while still at pre-design stage, in terms of both planning and functional solutions for the facades. 

Multi-purpose complex at Mitinskaya 16. Master plan. Chief architect of the project: A. Khomyakova.© "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" 

Multi-purpose complex at Mitinskaya 16. Chief architect of the project: A. Khomyakova.© "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" 

And this was exactly the case when we found it appropriate to make the colors of the facade a little more reserved and even cold but at the same time a little bold and contrasting with its surroundings. The customer, however, opted in favor of a different coloristic solution that, according to him, better matched the surrounding houses and were closer to the "corporate" colors of the future chain hotel. And, even though our figurative idea - a more "penetrable" office facade and a more "pixelated" hotel one - was still there, we do not find the arguments in favor of this color really convincing. 
Multi-purpose complex at Mitinskaya 16. The original version. Chief architect of the project: A. Khomyakova.© "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" 

Multi-purpose complex at Mitinskaya 16. The approved version. Chief architect of the project: A. Khomyakova.© "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" 

- So it turns out that the very structure of the commissions that you work with is changing, and you get less of elite houses to build, switching over to the economy class? How do you feel about it - is it interesting for you?

- Now it is common to call such projects "comfort class", and, in my opinion, such expression sounds a lot better than "economy class", let alone the proverbial "affordable housing". In Moscow, "affordable housing" is nothing but a cliche that in effect means pre-fabricated panel residential property that is devoid of any identity or individuality. Somebody aptly said that what the city needs is not "affordable" but "appropriate" housing, and the comfort class is something that allows us to achieve the optimum price/quality ratio, together with expressiveness and individuality. And, yes, we are interested in this genre - this is like making a silk prude out of a sow's ear - the costs are affordable, and every contestant thinks that he is smarter than the rest. So, yes, we gladly address such challenges. 

- It is common knowledge that oftentimes the developers' good intentions run out exactly at the moment when the project is almost completed and ready to be actually implemented. We cannot but mention your "Marfino" housing project that was "laid by", while the developer built instead a whole neighborhood of pre-fabricated residential houses. 

- Yes, "Marfino" is a rather sad example that is frustrating for us. But, you know, time will dot the i's and cross the t's: the developer ultimately realized that placing your bets on the pre-fabricated housing is a losing game by default. A few years after this "Marfino" project, "Vedis Group" turned to us again. Right now they are doing a residential block at the Elektrolitny Driveway in Moscow and they realize that they will not be able to make it look interesting with the pre-fabricated series alone - so they commissioned us two houses that, different in their number of floors, shape, and finish, will become "flagships" of this renovated neighborhood. These are monolith buildings that have a pronounced trapeze shape on the plan. And such solution was chosen not because we wanted to make the volume more "sculptural" but, in fact, for a number of reasons: the existing town-planning situation, the insolation, the mandatory requirements for the apartments, and the like. As far as the image of the facades is concerned, it came around as a result of choosing out of a whole number of options - but the choice was quite logical and natural: in my opinion, what we see here is the perfect marriage between the tactful presence within the given circumstances and the healthy ambition. It was something that Sergey Kisselev described as two A's: appropriateness and aptitude. And here, by the way, we deliberately refrained from using bright garish colors, placing our bet on the sure-fire expressiveness of the black-and-white combination. 

Residential complex at the Elektrolitny Driveway. Master plan. Chief architect of the project: A.Nikiforov. © ООО "Sergey Kiselev and partners"

Residential complex at the Elektrolitny Driveway. General view. Chief architect of the project: A.Nikiforov. © ООО "Sergey Kiselev and partners"

- How were you able to get all the approvals for a housing project of a medium price category with almost no balconies or stanzas?

- There are the public stanzas of the smokeproof stairway, on which we propose to place the conditioning packs, plus we just had to include a few apartment stanzas under the pressure from our marketologists. This theme, of course, includes the common stereotypes: apartment that has a balcony, much more a stanza, is more expensive - for an average Russian person, these things are an indispensable part of their home life, and you cannot really change that. I will not speak for everyone but the prevailing majority of the population seek to adjoin these areas to the thermal envelope - meaning, augmenting the total area of their apartment by doing this. So why not address this at the very start, all the more so because at the two fire escape staircases this is permitted by the regulations, while the "cold elements" are sold at the same price all the same? Generally, these two things - balconies and air conditioners - are nearly the main problem of today's Russian construction industry; the field on which the aesthetic reasons and the interests of the future inhabitants are engaged in a non-trivial controversy. For example, in the Textilschiki houses we provided the the places for installing the conditioning packs - the special bays in the stanzas. Then what? The "street smart" pushes the tenants to hang the packs directly on the facades - the reason that they will use the "paid-for area" for something else, while the air outside the facade comes for free anyway. 

Residential complex at the Elektrolitny Driveway. Bird's hight view. Chief architect of the project: A.Nikiforov. © ООО "Sergey Kiselev and partners"

- "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" was among the finalists of the contest for the concept of the residential complex at the Rublevskoe Highway. Do you take part in other high-profile contest of our time?

- Not in all of them, of course, but, generally, yes, we do. We pick the contests whose subjects are close to us in spirit and professionally as well. For example, we took part in the first round of the contest for the project of the international financial center in Rublevo-Arkhangelskoe - we are quite familiar with this place because it was here that we designed on two venues for our previous investor. We submitted the application for the participation in the contest for the park in Zaryadye. And now we are waiting for the results of the reconstruction project for the territory of "Serp i Molot" Plant. Earlier we took part in the contest for the shopping mall on the Tverskoy Zastavy Square. We also do not refrain from less "high profile" contests. For example, recently we finished a contest project for the reconstruction of the former industrial park at the Suschevsky Val Street - we did not win it but such type of contests is already specific work and it means another coin falling into the bank of our expertise. 
Contest project at the Suschevsky val Street. Chief architect of the project: V.Labutin.© "Sergey Kiselev and Partners".
Contest project at the Suschevsky val Street. Chief architect of the project: V.Labutin.© "Sergey Kiselev and Partners".
Contest project at the Suschevsky val Street. Chief architect of the project: V.Labutin.© "Sergey Kiselev and Partners".

- Reconstructing industrial territories was always one of the strong points of your studio. Even our recent review of Moscow's projects of developing the former industrial parks mentions "Sergey Kisselev and Partners" more often than any other company. 

- This is indeed one of our favorite areas of applying our professional efforts. Even now we are working on a few projects of multi-functional complexes that will be build in the places of former production facilities, and these projects cover the integrated landscaping of the territory and creation of the public and recreational areas. It is still too early to uncover all the details, we will be able to speak about this project later on when we have the opportunity to estimate the end result. We also carry on our cooperation with "Red Rose" - right now we are simultaneously doing three objects in the format of "little houses" as part of the concept of landscaping the land - that was developed by our company back in 2003 and now we made a few adjustments to it with regard to the realities of the present day.


18 November 2013

Headlines now
The Golden Crown
The concept for a dental clinic in Yekaterinburg, developed by CNTR Studio, revolves around the idea of a “mouth full of gold”: pristine white porcelain stoneware walls are complemented by matte brass details. To avoid an overly literal interpretation, the architects focused on the building’s proportions, skillfully navigating between sunlight requirements and fire safety regulations.
Flexibility and Integration
Not long ago, we covered the project for the fourth phase of the ÁLIA residential complex, designed by APEX. Now, we’ve been shown different fence concepts they developed to enclose the complex’s private courtyards, incorporating a variety of public functions. We believe that the sheer fact that the complex’s architects were involved in such a detail as fencing speaks volumes.
A Step Forward
The HIDE residential complex represents a major milestone for ADM architects and their leaders Andrey Romanov and Ekaterina Kuznetsova in their quest for a fresh high-rise aesthetic – one that is flexible and layered, capable of bringing vibrancy to mass and silhouette while shaping form. Over recent years, this approach has become ADM’s “signature style”, with the golden HIDE tower playing a pivotal role in its evolution. Here, we delve into the project’s story, explore the details of the complex’s design, and uncover its core essence.
Gold in the Sands
A new office for a transcontinental company specializing in resource extraction and processing has opened in Dubai. Designed by T+T Architects, masters of creating spaces that are contemporary, diverse, flexible, and original, this project exemplifies their expertise. On the executive floor, a massive brass-clad partition dominates, while layered textures of compressed earth create a contextually resonant backdrop.
Layers and Levels of Flight
This project goes way back – Reserve Union won this architectural competition at the end of 2011, and the building was completed in 2018, so it’s practically “archival”. However, despite being relatively unknown, the building can hardly be considered “dated” and remains a prime example of architectural expression, particularly in the headquarters genre. And it’s especially fitting for an aviation company office. In some ways, it resembles the Aeroflot headquarters at Sheremetyevo but with its own unique identity, following the signature style of Vladimir Plotkin. In this article, we take an in-depth look at the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) headquarters in the Moscow agglomeration town of Zhukovsky, supplemented by recent photographs from Alexey Naroditsky – a shoot that became only recently possible due to the fact that improvements were finally made in the surrounding area.
Light and Shadow
In this article, we delve into the architectural design of the “Chaika” house by DNK ag architects, which was recently completed in 2023 as part of the collection of signature designs at ZILArt. As is well-known, all the buildings in this complex follow a design code, yet each one is distinct. This particular building stands out not only for its whiteness and minimalism but also for the refined use of a limited number of techniques that, together, create what can confidently be called synergy.
Casus Novae
A master plan was developed for a large residential area with a name of “DNS City”, but now that its implementation began, the plan has been arbitrarily reformatted and replaced with something that, while similar on the surface, is actually quite different. This is not the first time such a thing happens, but it’s always frustrating. With permission from the author, we are sharing Maria Elkina’s post.
Treasure Hunting
The GAFA bureau, in collaboration with Tegola and Arkhitail, organized an expedition to the island of Kilpola in Karelia as part of Moskomarkhitektura’s “Open City” festival. There, amidst moss and rocks, the students sought answers to questions like: what is the sacred, where does it dwell, and what sustains it? Assisting the participants in this quest were landscape engineer Evgeny Levin, artist Nicholas Roerich, a moose, and the lack of cellular connection. Here’s how the story unfolded.
Depths of the Earth, Streams of Water
In the Malaya Okhta district, the Akzent building, designed by Stepan Liphart, was constructed. It follows a classic tripartite structure, yet it’s what you might call “hand-drawn”: each façade is unique in its form and details, some of which aren’t immediately noticeable. In this article, we explore the context and, together with the architect, delve into how the form was developed.
Fir Tree Dynamics
The “Airports of Region” holding is planning to build an airport in Karachay-Cherkessia, aiming to make the Arkhyz and Dombay resorts more accessible to travelers. The project that won in an invitation-only competition, submitted by Sergey Nikeshkin’s KPLN, blends natural imagery inspired by the shape of a conifer seed, open-air waiting spaces, majestic large trees, and a green roof elevated on needle-like columns. The result is both nature-inspired and WOW.
​A Brick Shell
In the process of designing a clubhouse situated among pine trees in a prestigious suburban area near Moscow, the architectural firm “A.Len” did the façade design part. The combination of different types of brick and masonry correlates with the volumetric and plastique solutions, further enhanced by the inclusion of wood-painted fragments and metal “glazing”.
Word Forms
ATRIUM architects love ambitious challenges, and for the firm’s thirtieth anniversary, they boldly play a game of words with an exhibition that dives deep into a self-created vocabulary. They immerse their projects – especially art installations – into this glossary, as if plunging into a current of their own. You feel as if you’re flowing through the veins of pure art, immersed in a universe of vertical cities, educational spaces – of which the architects are true masters – and the cultural codes of various locations. But what truly captivates is the bold statement that Vera Butko and Anton Nadtochy make, both through their work and this exhibition: architecture, above all, is art – the art of working with form and space.
Flexibility and Acuteness of Modernity
Luxurious, fluid, large “kokoshniks” and spiral barrel columns, as if made from colorful chewing gum: there seem to be no other mansion like this in Moscow, designed in the “Neo-Russian-Modern” style. And the “Teremok” on Malaya Kaluzhskaya, previously somewhat obscure, has “come alive with new colors” and gained visibility after its restoration for the office of the “architectural ecosystem” as the architects love to call themselves. It’s evident that Julius Borisov and the architects at UNK put their hearts into finding this new office and bringing it up to date. Let’s delve into the paradoxes of this mansion’s history and its plasticity. Spoiler: two versions of modernity meet here, both balancing on the razor’s edge of “what’s current”.
Yuri Vissarionov: “A modular house does not belong to the land”
It belongs to space, or to the air... It turns out that 3D printing is more effective when combined with a modular approach: the house is built in a workshop and then adapted to the site, including on uneven terrain. Yuri Vissarionov shares his latest experience in designing tourist complexes, both in central Russia and in the south. These include houseboats, homes printed from lightweight concrete using a 3D printer, and, of course, frame houses.
​Moscow’s First
“The quality of education largely depends on the quality of the educational environment”. This principle of the last decade has been realized by Sergey Skuratov in the project for the First Moscow Gymnasium on Rostovskaya Embankment in the Khamovniki district. The building seamlessly integrates into the complex urban landscape, responding both to the pedestrian flow of the city and the quiet alleyways. It skillfully takes advantage of the height differences and aligns with modern trends in educational space design. Let’s take a closer look.
Looking at the Water
The site of Villa Sonata stretches from the road to the water’s edge, offering its own shoreline, pier, and a picturesque river panorama. To reveal these sweeping views, Roman Leonidov “cut” the façade diagonally parallel to the river, thus getting two main axes for the house and, consequently, “two heads”. The internal core – two double-height spaces, a living room and a conservatory, with a “bridge” above them – makes the house both “transparent” and filled with light.
The White Wing
Well, it’s not exactly white. It’s more of a beige, white-stone structure that plays with the color of limestone – smoother surfaces are lighter, while rougher ones are darker. This wing unites various elements: it absorbs and interprets the surrounding themes. It responds to everything, yet maintains a cohesive expression – a challenging task! – while also incorporating recognizable features of its own, such as the dynamic cuts at the bottom, top, and middle.
Urban Dunes
The XSA Ramps team designed and built a three-part sports hub for a park in Rostov-on-Don, welcoming people of all ages and fitness levels. The skate plaza, pump track, and playground are all meticulously crafted with details that attract a diverse range of visitors. The technical execution of the shapes and slopes transforms this space into a kind of sculptural composition.
Proportional Growth
The project for the fourth phase of the ÁLIA residential area has been announced. The buildings are situated on an elongated plot – almost a “ray” that shoots out from the center of the area towards the river. Their layout reflects both a response to Moscow’s architectural preferences over the past 15 years, shifting “from blocks to towers”, and an interpretation of the neighboring business park designed by SOM. Additionally, the best apartments here are not located at the very top but closer to the middle, forming a glowing “waistline”.
The “Staircase” Building
In designing the “Details” residential complex in New Moscow, Rais Baishev spiced up the now-popular Moscow theme of a “courtyard” building with an idea drawn from the surrealist drawings by Maurits Escher. He envisioned the stepped silhouettes and descending slopes as a metaphysical mega-staircase, creating a key void within the courtyard that gave the project an internal “spine”. This concept is felt both in the building’s silhouette and on its façades.
Projection of the Quarter
No one doubted that the building that Vladimir Plotkin designed as part of the “Garden Quarters” would be the most modernist of all. And it turned out just that way: while adhering to the common design code, the building successfully combines brick and white stone, rhythmically responding to the neighboring building designed by Ostozhenka, yet tactfully and persistently making a few statements of its own. This includes the projection of the ideal urban development composition “14–9–6”, which can be found right next door, mathematical calculations, including those for various types of terraces (and perhaps the only reminder of the Soviet past of the Kauchuk rubber factory!), and the white “cross-stitch” pattern of the façade grid.
Domus Aurea
In this issue, we examine the “Tessinsky-1” house, designed by Sergey Skuratov and completed in 2023. Located in the middle of the Serebryanicheskaya Embankment district, at the intersection of its main streets, this house assumes a sort of “nodal” role: it not only responds to everything around it and preserves many memories of the former EMA factory within itself, but it weaves all this into a newly directed pattern, reconciling bright “gold” and dark-colored brick, largely with the help of the new, modern-yet-archaic Columba brick, which, come to think about it, is the most precious element here.
The Chimney of Nikola-Lenivets
In this issue, we are examining the “Obelisk House” designed by KATARSIS and built for the Arkhstoyanie 2023 festival. However, it was only finished later on, and this is why we are examining it now. It seems to us that after the “Obelisk House” appeared in Nikola-Lenivets, a dialogue and a few inner connections appeared between the temporary structures built here. These houses no longer look like “accidental neighbors”, more of which below.
​Periscope by the Bay
The jury awarded the second place in the competition for a public and cultural center in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to the companies GORA (“Mountain”) and M4. In the consortium’s proposal, the building resembles a sperm whale with a calf swimming next to it or a periscope, whose lenses capture the most spectacular views from the surrounding landscape.
From Arcs to Dolmens
While working on the competition project for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, ASADOV Architects prioritized the value of the natural and urban environment, aiming to preserve the balance of the location while minimizing the resemblance of the volume that they designed to a “traditional building”. The task was challenging, and the architects created three versions, one of which having been developed after the competition, where their main proposal took third place. However, the point of interest here is not the competition result but the continuity of creative thinking.
Hide and Seek
The ID Moskovskiy house, designed by Stepan Liphart in St. Petersburg, in the courtyards near Moskovskiy Avenue beyond the Obvodny Canal and recently completed, is notable for several reasons. Firstly, it has been realized with considerable accuracy, which is particularly significant as this is the first building where the architect was responsible not only for the facades but also for the layouts, allowing for better integration between the two. On the other hand, this building is interesting as an example of the “germination” of new architecture in the city: it draws on the best examples from the neighborhood and becomes an improved and developed sum of ideas found by the architect in the surrounding context.
The Big Twelve
Yesterday, the winners of the Moscow Mayor’s Architecture Award were announced and honored. Let’s take a look at what was awarded and, in some cases, even critique this esteemed award. After all, there is always room for improvement, right?
Above the Golden Horn
The residential complex “Philosophy” designed by T+T architects in Vladivostok, is one of the new projects in the “Golubinaya Pad” area, changing its development philosophy (pun intended) from single houses to a comprehensive approach. The buildings are organized along public streets, varying in height and format, with one house even executed in gallery typology, featuring a cantilever leaning on an art object.
Nuanced Alternative
How can you rhyme a square and space? Easily! But to do so, you need to rhyme everything you can possibly think of: weave everything together, like in a tensegrity structure, and find your own optics too. The new exhibition at GES-2 does just that, offering its visitor a new perspective on the history of art spanning 150 years, infused with the hope for endless multiplicity of worlds and art histories. Read on to see how this is achieved and how the exhibition design by Evgeny Ace contributes to it.
Blinds for Ice
An ice arena has been constructed in Domodedovo based on a project by Yuri Vissarionov Architects. To prevent the long façade, a technical requirement for winter sports facilities, from appearing monotonous, the architects proposed the use of suspended structures with multidirectional slats. This design protects the ice from direct sunlight while giving the wall texture and detail.