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Gustave Falconnier

In the “ruin” wing of Moscow’s Museum of Architecture, an exhibition of “glass bricks” by Gustave Falconnier is open. These “bricks” are essentially the predecessors of glass blocks, but more complex and beautiful. The exhibition shows genuine “bricks”, buildings composed of them, the history of the destruction of Falconnier windows in the building of the State Archives, and it also became one of the reasons to revive this unique production technology.

17 April 2023
Review
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Gustave Falconnier was an architect by training and he even opened his own architectural bureau. However, he was not very interested in architecture and was more interested in politics. He spent 34 years as the prefect of his native district of Nyon and was also interested in invention in the construction industry. He obtained patents for lightweight masonry, reinforced concrete floors, and the blown glass bricks in question (1888). The latter made him famous. At the World’s Fair in Chicago in 1893, the Swiss pavilion was almost entirely made of glass bricks, and the technology soon became popular. Patents were purchased in various countries, and after Poland, glass bricks were soon produced in Russia. A special Russian form is even known: a hexagon elongated like slabs in the Zaryadye Park, sporting a “star” spider on the front side.

"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


In 1913, Gustave Falconnier died, and the patent was suspended. However, the bricks were still produced until around the 1930s, after which they were replaced by glass blocks that were more predictable, cheaper, did not require the glassblower’s lungs, and could be stamped into shape. Predictably, they were also more uniform, usually square.

"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


The Falconnier glass bricks now come in 16 different types, with the most complex shape resembling a baluster or a chubby pitcher; one of the most common is the elongated hexagon, but there are also flattened hexagons with stepped “hills”; there are also simple squares. Plus color. Glass blocks are not often colored, but I have seen white, light-blue, and yellow ones. In the case of Falconnier’s bricks, however, there’s almost the entire spectrum presented: cobalt blue and light-blue, brown and yellow, and a multitude of pastel shades. Strangely, there is little or no red. Sometimes an artificial crackle is added to the shape and color, as shown on the entrance stand.

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    "Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
    Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru
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    "Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
    Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru
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    "Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
    Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru
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    "Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
    Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru
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    Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru
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    "Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
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    "Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
    Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


The benefit of Falconnier glass bricks was twofold. Before glass blocks became widespread, the Falconnier bricks were the only ones that allowed an opening to be covered without depriving the room of natural light, but without providing a window-to-window view. This was particularly useful for firewalls, where such proximity was prohibited by regulations, or to separate the rooms of the servants, which was also understandable and practical.

However, the bricks are very beautiful, and it would be surprising if their aesthetics were not appreciated. They allow for the creation of colorful stained-glass windows, which are absolutely luxurious, and even better, glass domes that are lightweight and quite large. In Moscow, one such dome remains in the building of the Indian embassy, which is located in the Bardygin estate of 1911 in the Vorontsovo Field Street. Glass domes and walls are, of course, already part of the architecture, a technology that dictates both the lighting and the volumetric/spatial solution. Sometimes, however, domes fell, since the load was not always correctly calculated, and the bricks were glued together with a special solution.

The meaning of the exhibition is also twofold. On the one hand, it is research based on previous studies and information obtained from the Falconnier glass collection, which was exhibited in Nyon in 2018, inspiring the current exhibition at the Museum of Architecture. At some point, the museum actively collaborated with Nyon, and they planned to bring part of the collection, but for objective reasons, it did not work out, which is why the current exhibition may seem a bit empty.

The feeling is enhanced by the pedestals offered by the exhibition designer Agnia Sterligova: they are white pyramids that widen significantly towards the bottom, as if slightly pushing the viewer away from the object. The reception was designed so as not to “cover the glass with glass” and at the same time somehow prevent viewers from touching the originals. Even though the objects are open, people still tend to reach out to touch them, making it even less stable. Therefore, I cannot say that the pyramid solution is very successful. But it is elegant, and overall, it seems that Agnia Sterligova has moved from bright, colorful, and “tell-tale” embellished exhibition designs to more concise solutions.

"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


On the other hand, there is a stand where “you can touch everything” – you just have to endure until you reach the second floor, where there is a showcase dedicated to the revival of the Falconnier technology. There is a blowing pipe, scissors for cutting, and models of forms, including those printed from historical samples for analysis.

The revival of technology is the second, and perhaps even the primary, meaning and feature of the exhibition, after exploration, as it has become a “driver” for the restoration of production. Here’s the story: Nikita Andreev, an art historian, a graduate of the Stieglitz Academy, and a roofer, found a window in the Bashevich house in St. Petersburg that was filled with glass bricks. He took a “couple of fallen samples” and became interested in studying the subject. In 2018, he learned about the Falconnier exhibition in Nyon, shared the information with the Museum of Architecture, and its director, Elizaveta Likhacheva, invited Nikita Andreev to curate an exhibition dedicated to Falconnier bricks at the museum. For the exhibition (!), the revival of brick production was organized – Ivan Kozitsyn, a teacher at the Stieglitz Academy and the NWGlass.lab workshop, took on this task. Now, the workshop produces restoration-quality bricks, and their use has already been applied in restoring windows in the Eroshenko house in St. Petersburg and the Shelukhin house in Nizhny Novgorod. But the biggest order at the moment was from the museum for the exhibition: variously shaped and colored bricks were used to create several openings on the 1st and 2nd floors, and a lilac-and-pink window on the 3rd floor on the stairs – the latter is likely to be preserved. The exhibition shows videos of the brick-blowing process, defective samples, and molds, including those that were part of the technology development process.

"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


The bricks are currently blown from recycled glass bottles, selecting bottles by color – the museum staff and curators collected these bottles from bars. In other words, the exhibition shows a living process, and it even became a part of it. A hundred years ago, Falconnier showed a pavilion made of glass bricks in Chicago, and they became popular. In that case, maybe it could happen again now, at least for restoration purposes. However, the bricks are already sold as souvenirs, both in the museum shop and online.

"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


There is another part of the living process, and that is destruction. In 2018, a Falconnier exhibition was held in Nyon, and at the end of 2019 in Moscow, despite protests by the local preservation activists, all the glass brick windows in the building of the State Archives on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street were smashed and replaced with double-glazed windows. Employees of the Museum of Architecture saved some of the bricks from the archive building – the story is described here by the second curator of the Moscow Falconnier exhibition, Anna Kistanova. Some of the “bricks” were taken into storage by the museum, while others are simply kept – they make up an installation at the exhibition accompanied by a video recording of a builder hitting bricks with a hammer.

"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


In short, it is a rather curious slice of life from birth to death and back to revival again: here things are broken, and rebuilt.

The technology is quite precise and intricate, not designed for large volumes and pragmatic use – but they say that now it’s possible to make 20-25 Falconnier bricks in a day – provided, you have enough bottles, of course.
"Falconnier. Architecture of Light" exhibition. Museum of Architecture, the “Ruin” wing, 07.04.2023 – 20.08.2023
Copyright: Photograph © Julia tarabarina / Archi.ru


17 April 2023

Headlines now
Part of the Ideal
In 2025, another World Expo will take place in Osaka, Japan, in which Russia will not participate. However, a competition for the Russian pavilion was indeed held, with six projects participating. The results were never announced as Russia’s participation was canceled; the competition has no winners. Nevertheless, Expo pavilion projects are typically designed for a bold and interesting architectural statement, so we’ve gathered all the six projects and will be publishing articles about them in random order. The first one is the project by Vladimir Plotkin and Reserve Union, which is distinguished by the clarity of its stereometric shape, the boldness of its structure, and the multiplicity of possible interpretations.
The Fortress by the River
ASADOV Architects have developed a concept for a new residential district in the center of Kemerovo. To combat the harsh climate and monotonous everyday life, the architects proposed a block type of development with dominant towers, good insolation, facades detailed at eye level, and event programming.
In the Rhombus Grid
Construction has begun on the building of the OMK (United Metallurgical Company) Corporate University in Nizhny Novgorod’s town of Vyksa, designed by Ostozhenka Architects. The most interesting aspect of the project is how the architects immersed it in the context: “extracting” a diagonal motif from the planning grid of Vyksa, they aligned the building, the square, and the park to match it. A truly masterful work with urban planning context on several different levels of perception has long since become the signature technique of Ostozhenka.
​Generational Connection
Another modern estate, designed by Roman Leonidov, is located in the Moscow region and brings together three generations of one family under one roof. To fit on a narrow plot without depriving anyone of personal space, the architects opted for a zigzag plan. The main volume in the house structure is accentuated by mezzanines with a reverse-sloped roof and ceilings featuring exposed beams.
Three Dimensions of the City
We began to delve into the project by Sergey Skuratov, the residential complex “Depo” in Minsk, located at Victory Square, and it fascinated us completely. The project has at least several dimensions to it: historical – at some point, the developer decided to discontinue further collaboration with Sergey Skuratov Architects, but the concept was approved, and its implementation continues, mostly in accordance with the proposed ideas. The spatial and urban planning dimension – the architects both argue with the city and play along with it, deciphering nuances, and finding axes. And, finally, the tactile dimension – the constructed buildings also have their own intriguing features. Thus, this article also has two parts: it dwells on what has been built and what was conceived
New “Flight”
Architects from “Mezonproject” have developed a project for the reconstruction of the regional youth center “Polyot”(“Flight”) in the city of Oryol. The summer youth center, built back in the late 1970s, will now become year-round and acquire many additional functions.
The Yauza Towers
In Moscow, there aren’t that many buildings or projects designed by Nikita Yavein and Studio 44. In this article, we present to you the concept of a large multifunctional complex on the Yauza River, located between two parks, featuring a promenade, a crossroads of two pedestrian streets, a highly developed public space, and an original architectural solution. This solution combines a sophisticated, asymmetric façade grid, reminiscent of a game of fifteen puzzle, and bold protrusions of the upper parts of the buildings, completely masking the technical floors and sculpting the complex’s silhouette.
Architecture and Leisure Park
For the suburban hotel complex, which envisages various formats of leisure, the architectural company T+T Architects proposed several types of accommodation, ranging from the classic “standard” in a common building to a “cave in the hill” and a “house in a tree”. An additional challenge consisted in integrating a few classic-style residences already existing on this territory into the “architectural forest park”.
The U-House
The Jois complex combines height with terraces, bringing the most expensive apartments from penthouses down to the bottom floors. The powerful iconic image of the U-shaped building is the result of the creative search for a new standard of living in high-rise buildings by the architects of “Genpro”.
Black and White
In this article, we specifically discuss the interiors of the ATOM Pavilion at VDNKh. Interior design is a crucial component of the overall concept in this case, and precision and meticulous execution were highly important for the architects. Julia Tryaskina, head of UNK interiors, shares some of the developments.
The “Snake” Mountain
The competition project for the seaside resort complex “Serpentine” combines several typologies: apartments of different classes, villas, and hotel rooms. For each of these typologies, the KPLN architects employ one of the images that are drawn from the natural environment – a serpentine road, a mountain stream, and rolling waves.
Opal from Anna Mons’ Ring
The project of a small business center located near Tupolev Plaza and Radio Street proclaims the necessity of modern architecture in a specific area of Moscow commonly known as “Nemetskaya Sloboda” or “German settlement”. It substantiates its thesis with the thoroughness of details, a multitude of proposed and rejected form variants, and even a detailed description of the surrounding area. The project is interesting indeed, and it is even more interesting to see what will come of it.
Feed ’Em All
A “House of Russian Cuisine” was designed and built by KROST Group at VDNKh for the “Rossiya” exhibition in record-breaking time. The pavilion is masterfully constructed in terms of the standards of modern public catering industry multiplied by the bustling cultural program of the exhibition, and it interprets the stylistically diverse character of VDNKh just as successfully. At the same time, much of its interior design can be traced back to the prototypes of the 1960s – so much so that even scenes from iconic Soviet movies of those years persistently come to mind.
The Ensemble at the Mosque
OSA prepared a master plan for a district in the southern part of Derbent. The main task of the master plan is to initiate the formation of a modern comfortable environment in this city. The organization of residential areas is subordinated to the city’s spiritual center: depending on the location relative to the cathedral mosque, the houses are distinguished by façade and plastique solutions. The program also includes a “hospitality center”, administrative buildings, an educational cluster, and even an air bridge.
Pargolovo Protestantism
A Protestant church is being built in St. Petersburg by the project of SLOI architects. One of the main features of the building is a wooden roof with 25-meter spans, which, among other things, forms the interior of the prayer hall. Also, there are other interesting details – we are telling you more about them.
The Shape of the Inconceivable
The ATOM Pavilion at VDNKh brings to mind a famous maxim of all architects and critics: “You’ve come up with it? Now build it!” You rarely see such a selfless immersion in implementation of the project, and the formidable structural and engineering tasks set by UNK architects to themselves are presented here as an integral and important part of the architectural idea. The challenge matches the obliging status of the place – after all, it is an “exhibition of achievements”, and the pavilion is dedicated to the nuclear energy industry. Let’s take a closer look: from the outside, from the inside, and from the underside too.
​Rays of the Desert
A school for 1750 students is going to be built in Dubai, designed by IND Architects. The architects took into account the local specifics, and proposed a radial layout and spaces, in which the children will be comfortable throughout the day.
The Dairy Theme
The concept of an office of a cheese-making company, designed for the enclosed area of a dairy factory, at least partially refers to industrial architecture. Perhaps that is why this concept is very simple, which seems the appropriate thing to do here. The building is enlivened by literally a couple of “master strokes”: the turning of the corner accentuates the entrance, and the shade of glass responds to the theme of “milk rivers” from Russian fairy tales.
The Road to the Temple
Under a grant from the Small Towns Competition, the main street and temple area of the village of Nikolo-Berezovka near Neftekamsk has been improved. A consortium of APRELarchitects and Novaya Zemlya is turning the village into an open-air museum and integrating ruined buildings into public life.
​Towers Leaning Towards the Sun
The three towers of the residential complex “Novodanilovskaya 8” are new and the tallest neighbors of the Danilovsky Manufactory, “Fort”, and “Plaza”, complementing a whole cluster of modern buildings designed by renowned masters. At the same time, the towers are unique for this setting – they are residential, they are the tallest ones here, and they are located on a challenging site. In this article, we explore how architects Andrey Romanov and Ekaterina Kuznetsova tackled this far-from-trivial task.
In the spirit of ROSTA posters
The new Rostselmash tractor factory, conceptualized by ASADOV Architects, is currently being completed in Rostov-on-Don. References to the Soviet architecture of the 1920’s and 1960’s resonate with the mission and strategic importance of the enterprise, and are also in line with the client’s wish: to pay homage to Rostov’s constructivism.
The Northern Thebaid
The central part of Ferapontovo village, adjacent to the famous monastery with frescoes by Dionisy, has been improved according to the project by APRELarchitects. Now the place offers basic services for tourists, as well as a place for the villagers’ leisure.
Brilliant Production
The architects from London-based MOST Architecture have designed the space for the high-tech production of Charge Cars, a high-performance production facility for high-speed electric cars that are assembled in the shell of legendary Ford Mustangs. The founders of both the company and the car assembly startup are Russians who were educated in their home country.
Three-Part Task: St. Petersburg’s Mytny Dvor
The so-called “Mytny Dvor” area lying just behind Moscow Railway Station – the market rows with a complex history – will be transformed into a premium residential complex by Studio 44. The project consists of three parts: the restoration of historical buildings, the reconstruction of the lost part of the historical contour, and new houses. All of them are harmonized with each other and with the city; axes and “beams of light” were found, cozy corners and scenic viewpoints were carefully thought out. We had a chat with the authors of the historical buildings’ restoration project, and we are telling you about all the different tasks that have been solved here.
The Color of the City, or Reflections on the Slope of an Urban Settlement
In 2022, Ostozhenka Architects won a competition, and in 2023, they developed and received all the necessary approvals for a master plan for the development of Chernigovskaya Street for the developer GloraX. The project takes into account a 10-year history of previous developments; it was done in collaboration with architects from Nizhny Novgorod, and it continues to evolve now. We carefully examined it, talked to everyone, and learned a lot of interesting things.
A Single-Industry Town
Kola MMC and Nornickel are building a residential neighborhood in Monchegorsk for their future employees. It is based on a project by an international team that won the 2021 competition. The project offers a number of solutions meant to combat the main “demons” of any northern city: wind, grayness and boredom.
A New Age Portico
At the beginning of the year, Novosibirsk Tolmachevo Airport opened Terminal C. The large-scale and transparent entrance hall with luminous columns inside successfully combines laconism with a bright and photogenic WOW-effect. The terminal is both the new façade of the whole complex and the starting point of the planned reconstruction, upon completion of which Tolmachevo will become the largest regional airport in Russia. In this article, we are examining the building in the context of modernist prototypes of both Novosibirsk and Leningrad: like puzzle pieces, they come together to form their individual history, not devoid of curious nuances and details.
A New Starting Point
We’ve been wanting to examine the RuArts Foundation space, designed by ATRIUM for quite a long time, and we finally got round to it. This building looks appropriate and impressive; it amazingly combines tradition – represented in our case by galleries – and innovation. In this article, we delve into details and study the building’s historical background as well.
Molding Perspectives
Stepan Liphart introduces “schematic Art Deco” on the outskirts of Kazan – his houses are executed in green color, with a glassy “iced” finish on the facades. The main merits of the project lie in his meticulous arrangement of viewing angles – the architect is striving to create in a challenging environment the embryo of a city not only in terms of pedestrian accessibility but also in a sculptural sense. He works with silhouettes, proposing intriguing triangular terraces. The entire project is structured like a crystal, following two grids, orthogonal and diagonal. In this article, we are examining what worked, and what eventually didn’t.
An Educational Experiment for the North
City-Arch continues to work on the projects that can be termed as “experimental public preschools”: private kindergartens and schools can envy such facilities in many respects. This time around, the project is done for the city of Gubkinsky, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. A diverse educational and play environment, including a winter garden, awaits future students, while the teachers will have abundant opportunities to implement new practices.