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​The Stereo World of Engineer Shukhov

Until January 19, the Museum of Architecture will host the retrospective exhibition featuring the legacy of the outstanding engineer Vladimir Shukhov – a symbiosis of tremendous research work and beautiful artistic metaphor created by ASSE Architects.

20 November 2019
Overview
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Vladimir Shukhov is Russia’s most famous engineer of all times; he is our Russian Gustav Eiffel who is known throughout the world. In his inventions, Shukhov found himself on the threshold of a groundbreaking new system of interpreting buildings as “space shells”. The architecture of such buildings is essentially their structure. Shukhov is admired by many architects –because his input in the construction technology ensured a new degree of freedom in working with space and shape. This second, “architectural” genius of his, though, was only appreciated in the second half of the XX century, while his contemporaries more appreciated his developments of a purely practical nature. The lightweight innovative structures were rather simple to assemble, were cost effective material-wise, and were capable of spanning considerable amounts of floor space.

Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru


Shukhov’s inventions were also the fruit of their epoch, characterized by the rapid growth of industrial production and the ensuing development of engineering thought. This was the soil that gave birth to Shukhov’s genius. At the same time, the engineer’s path from industrial apparatuses for oil refinement to the architecture of railway terminals is symbolic of the evolution, or, as the curators of the exhibition (Elena Vlasova, Mark Akopyan) put it, “emancipation” of his constructions, which at the turn of the century made a leap to a whole new level. The systems were becoming lighter and more elegant, and at the Nizhny Novgorod fair 1896 were for the first time around showcased as self-sufficient “shells” of the buildings.

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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru


What was presented at the fair by the A.V.Bari engineering firm, where Shukhov worked up until the company was nationalized by the communist government in 1919, literally mesmerized the contemporaries. Probably, the effect was very much like that of Paxton Crystal Palace made of cast iron and glass that had been presented in Hyde Park half a century before. Looking like gigantic circus tents, the Oval Pavilion and the Rotunda demonstrated the possibilities provided by hanging steel meshes that covered more than a 1000 square meters of floor space. Assembled from straight rods, these shells were designed to take on strain and stretching.

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    Vladimir Shukhov. Multiradius grid shells in the production facilities of the Vyksa metallurgic plant. 1897. Model by O.Bernov, 1989, Promstalkonstruktsiya research institute, model workshop. State Museum of Architecture. Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of A
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Vladimir Shukhov. Multiradius grid shells in the production facilities of the Vyksa metallurgic plant. 1897. Model by O.Bernov, 1989, Promstalkonstruktsiya research institute, model workshop. State Museum of Architecture. Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of A
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru


The highlight of the fair was the hyperboloid water tower. Developed by Shukhov, its construction, as well as the method of its assembly, made the hyperboloid a universal multipurpose system for solving various tasks. Almost like in the Rem Koolhaas book “S, M, L, XL”, you only needed to set the right parameters of the construction that fitted your specific purpose. The variables were the height, the base diameter, the number of vertical elements, and their tilt angle. For example, making a structure tapering upwards, you could ensure extra stability at the expense of sacrificing some of the carrying capacity, and vice versa. Ultimately, Shukhov built quite a lot of such hyperboloids. The best-known is the Shabolovka tower; the highest is the Dnipro lighthouse 70 meters tall.

The hall where all of the Shukhov towers come together to form a semblance of a pantheon must probably be considered to be the central one: in the middle there is a metaphorical model of the Shabolovka TV tower, surrounded by its brothers and sisters from various regions of Russia. Specifically for this hall, ASSE Architects made all of the expo structures white, which gives it some certain solemnity: this is the main representation of Shukhov’s legacy, who is first of all known as the designer of this tower.

Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru


Thanks to ASSE Architects, however, we do not for a second forget – starting from the first hall that welcomes us with physical experiments demonstrating the nature of grid shells – that we see Shukhov not only as an engineer but also as an architect. Following the historical sequence of events in his life, represented by a huge collection of archive materials, we eventually find ourselves in the last hall, face to face with architecture. It is here that we see the direct metaphor for the construction as creative activity: the central place is occupied by video art or the American engineer and innovator Conrad Waxmann, whose volumetric mathematical grid becomes a true work of art. 

It took mankind half a year to find purely architectural application for Shukhov’s inventions and truly appreciate their significance for the entire architectural profession. In the postwar period, when the country was to “build more and consume less”, the new architecture of shells replacing the facades developed into a whole independent branch. It also got a number of fans among the “star” architects, from Frei Otto to Norman Foster. In 1964, on the basis of Stuttgart University, there opened an Institute of Lightweight Structures, headed by professor Werner Sobek, who develops still further Shukhov’s ideas of hanging structures.

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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Model of the roof construction in Hamburg. 2013-2021. Plastic. Werner Sobek. Stuttgart. Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Model of the roof construction in Hamburg. 2013-2021. Plastic. Werner Sobek. Stuttgart. Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    The dome model in Millenium Park, Chcago, USA. Werner Sobek, Stuttgart. Institute of Lightweight Constructions and Conceptual Design. 2019 // Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Model of the grid shell in the Institute of Lightweight Structures 1993/1995. The archive of the institute. Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru
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    Exhibition "Shukhov. Formula of Architecture". 2019, Museum of Architecture, Moscow
    Copyright: Photograph: Julia Tarabarina, Archi.ru


What is interesting is the fact that the topic of grid shells is still pretty innovative and even slightly futuristic in this day and age, its potential still far from being exhausted. In 1965-83, the genius Buckminster Fuller patented his geodesic domes or “climatrons”, which looked like some kind of energy efficient housing for the aliens. However, these were still to remain “the great fantasy”. Modern technology opens up new possibilities for further refinement, digitalization of the wall, down to the appearance of a media screen. This path indicated 100 years ago by the visionary Shukhov, the path of completely new logic of volumetric self expression. The exhibition in the Shchusev Museum throws an invisible little bridge that starts at the break of the XIX-XX century in the ominous pre-revolution atmosphere, expressed very accurately by the stereographies done by Shukhov himself, and stretches on to the eternity.

20 November 2019

Headlines now
Inverted Fortress
This year, there has been no shortage of intriguing architectural ideas around the Omsk airport. The project developed by the architectural company KPLN appeals to Omsk’s history as a wooden fortress that it was back in the day, but transforms the concept of a fortress beyond recognition: it “shaves off” the conical ends of “wooden logs”, then enlarges them, and then flips them over. The result is a hypostyle – a forest of conical columns on point supports, with skylights on top.
The Paradox of the Temporary
The concept of the Russian pavilion for EXPO 2025 in Osaka, proposed by the Wowhaus architects, is the last of the six projects we gathered from the 2022 competition. It is again worth noting that the results of this competition were not finalized due to the cancellation of Russia’s participation in World Expo 2025. It should be mentioned that Wowhaus created three versions for this competition, but only one is being presented, and it can’t be said that this version is thoroughly developed – rather, it is done in the spirit of a “student assignment”. Nevertheless, the project is interesting in its paradoxical nature: the architects emphasized the temporary character of the pavilion, and in its bubble-like forms sought to reflect the paradoxes of space and time.
The Forum of Time
The competition project for the Russian Pavilion at EXPO 2025 in Osaka designed by Aleksey Orlov and Arena Project Institute consists of cones and conical funnels connected into a non-trivial composition, where one can feel the hand of architects who have worked extensively with stadiums and other sports facilities. It’s very interesting to delve into its logic, structurally built on the theme of clocks, hourglasses and even sundials. Additionally, the architects have turned the exhibition pavilion into a series of interconnected amphitheaters, which is also highly relevant for world exhibitions. We are reminding you that the competition results were never announced.
Mirrors Everywhere
The project by Sergey Nebotov, Anastasia Gritskova, and the architectural company “Novoe” was created for the Russian pavilion at EXPO 2025, but within the framework of another competition, which, as we learned, took place even earlier, in 2021. At that time, the competition theme was “digital twins”, and there was minimal time for work, so the project, according to the architect himself, was more of a “student assignment”. Nevertheless, this project is interesting for its plan bordering on similarity with Baroque projects and the emblem of the exhibition, as well as its diverse and comprehensive reflectiveness.
The Steppe Is Full of Beauty and Freedom
The goal of the exhibition “Dikoe Pole” (“Wild Field”) at the State Historical Museum was to move away from the archaeological listing of valuable items and to create an image of the steppe and nomads that was multidirectional and emotional – in other words, artistic. To achieve this goal, it was important to include works of contemporary art. One such work is the scenography of the exhibition space developed by CHART studio.
The Snowstorm Fish
The next project from the unfinished competition for the Russian Pavilion at EXPO 2025, which will be held in Osaka, Japan, is by Dashi Namdakov and Parsec Architects. The pavilion describes itself as an “architectural/sculptural” one, with its shape clearly reminiscent of abstract sculpture of the 1970s. It complements its program with a meditative hall named “Mendeleev’s Dreams”, and offers its visitors to slide from its roof at the end of the tour.
The Mirror of Your Soul
We continue to publish projects from the competition for the design of the Russian Pavilion at EXPO in Osaka 2025. We are reminding you that the results of the competition have not been announced, and hardly will ever be. The pavilion designed by ASADOV Architects combines a forest log cabin, the image of a hyper transition, and sculptures made of glowing threads – it focuses primarily on the scenography of the exhibition, which the pavilion builds sequentially like a string of impressions, dedicating it to the paradoxes of the Russian soul.
Part of the Ideal
In 2025, another World Expo will take place in Osaka, Japan, in which Russia will not participate. However, a competition for the Russian pavilion was indeed held, with six projects participating. The results were never announced as Russia’s participation was canceled; the competition has no winners. Nevertheless, Expo pavilion projects are typically designed for a bold and interesting architectural statement, so we’ve gathered all the six projects and will be publishing articles about them in random order. The first one is the project by Vladimir Plotkin and Reserve Union, which is distinguished by the clarity of its stereometric shape, the boldness of its structure, and the multiplicity of possible interpretations.
The Fortress by the River
ASADOV Architects have developed a concept for a new residential district in the center of Kemerovo. To combat the harsh climate and monotonous everyday life, the architects proposed a block type of development with dominant towers, good insolation, facades detailed at eye level, and event programming.
In the Rhombus Grid
Construction has begun on the building of the OMK (United Metallurgical Company) Corporate University in Nizhny Novgorod’s town of Vyksa, designed by Ostozhenka Architects. The most interesting aspect of the project is how the architects immersed it in the context: “extracting” a diagonal motif from the planning grid of Vyksa, they aligned the building, the square, and the park to match it. A truly masterful work with urban planning context on several different levels of perception has long since become the signature technique of Ostozhenka.
​Generational Connection
Another modern estate, designed by Roman Leonidov, is located in the Moscow region and brings together three generations of one family under one roof. To fit on a narrow plot without depriving anyone of personal space, the architects opted for a zigzag plan. The main volume in the house structure is accentuated by mezzanines with a reverse-sloped roof and ceilings featuring exposed beams.
Three Dimensions of the City
We began to delve into the project by Sergey Skuratov, the residential complex “Depo” in Minsk, located at Victory Square, and it fascinated us completely. The project has at least several dimensions to it: historical – at some point, the developer decided to discontinue further collaboration with Sergey Skuratov Architects, but the concept was approved, and its implementation continues, mostly in accordance with the proposed ideas. The spatial and urban planning dimension – the architects both argue with the city and play along with it, deciphering nuances, and finding axes. And, finally, the tactile dimension – the constructed buildings also have their own intriguing features. Thus, this article also has two parts: it dwells on what has been built and what was conceived
New “Flight”
Architects from “Mezonproject” have developed a project for the reconstruction of the regional youth center “Polyot”(“Flight”) in the city of Oryol. The summer youth center, built back in the late 1970s, will now become year-round and acquire many additional functions.
The Yauza Towers
In Moscow, there aren’t that many buildings or projects designed by Nikita Yavein and Studio 44. In this article, we present to you the concept of a large multifunctional complex on the Yauza River, located between two parks, featuring a promenade, a crossroads of two pedestrian streets, a highly developed public space, and an original architectural solution. This solution combines a sophisticated, asymmetric façade grid, reminiscent of a game of fifteen puzzle, and bold protrusions of the upper parts of the buildings, completely masking the technical floors and sculpting the complex’s silhouette.
Architecture and Leisure Park
For the suburban hotel complex, which envisages various formats of leisure, the architectural company T+T Architects proposed several types of accommodation, ranging from the classic “standard” in a common building to a “cave in the hill” and a “house in a tree”. An additional challenge consisted in integrating a few classic-style residences already existing on this territory into the “architectural forest park”.
The U-House
The Jois complex combines height with terraces, bringing the most expensive apartments from penthouses down to the bottom floors. The powerful iconic image of the U-shaped building is the result of the creative search for a new standard of living in high-rise buildings by the architects of “Genpro”.
Black and White
In this article, we specifically discuss the interiors of the ATOM Pavilion at VDNKh. Interior design is a crucial component of the overall concept in this case, and precision and meticulous execution were highly important for the architects. Julia Tryaskina, head of UNK interiors, shares some of the developments.
The “Snake” Mountain
The competition project for the seaside resort complex “Serpentine” combines several typologies: apartments of different classes, villas, and hotel rooms. For each of these typologies, the KPLN architects employ one of the images that are drawn from the natural environment – a serpentine road, a mountain stream, and rolling waves.
Opal from Anna Mons’ Ring
The project of a small business center located near Tupolev Plaza and Radio Street proclaims the necessity of modern architecture in a specific area of Moscow commonly known as “Nemetskaya Sloboda” or “German settlement”. It substantiates its thesis with the thoroughness of details, a multitude of proposed and rejected form variants, and even a detailed description of the surrounding area. The project is interesting indeed, and it is even more interesting to see what will come of it.
Feed ’Em All
A “House of Russian Cuisine” was designed and built by KROST Group at VDNKh for the “Rossiya” exhibition in record-breaking time. The pavilion is masterfully constructed in terms of the standards of modern public catering industry multiplied by the bustling cultural program of the exhibition, and it interprets the stylistically diverse character of VDNKh just as successfully. At the same time, much of its interior design can be traced back to the prototypes of the 1960s – so much so that even scenes from iconic Soviet movies of those years persistently come to mind.
The Ensemble at the Mosque
OSA prepared a master plan for a district in the southern part of Derbent. The main task of the master plan is to initiate the formation of a modern comfortable environment in this city. The organization of residential areas is subordinated to the city’s spiritual center: depending on the location relative to the cathedral mosque, the houses are distinguished by façade and plastique solutions. The program also includes a “hospitality center”, administrative buildings, an educational cluster, and even an air bridge.
Pargolovo Protestantism
A Protestant church is being built in St. Petersburg by the project of SLOI architects. One of the main features of the building is a wooden roof with 25-meter spans, which, among other things, forms the interior of the prayer hall. Also, there are other interesting details – we are telling you more about them.
The Shape of the Inconceivable
The ATOM Pavilion at VDNKh brings to mind a famous maxim of all architects and critics: “You’ve come up with it? Now build it!” You rarely see such a selfless immersion in implementation of the project, and the formidable structural and engineering tasks set by UNK architects to themselves are presented here as an integral and important part of the architectural idea. The challenge matches the obliging status of the place – after all, it is an “exhibition of achievements”, and the pavilion is dedicated to the nuclear energy industry. Let’s take a closer look: from the outside, from the inside, and from the underside too.
​Rays of the Desert
A school for 1750 students is going to be built in Dubai, designed by IND Architects. The architects took into account the local specifics, and proposed a radial layout and spaces, in which the children will be comfortable throughout the day.
The Dairy Theme
The concept of an office of a cheese-making company, designed for the enclosed area of a dairy factory, at least partially refers to industrial architecture. Perhaps that is why this concept is very simple, which seems the appropriate thing to do here. The building is enlivened by literally a couple of “master strokes”: the turning of the corner accentuates the entrance, and the shade of glass responds to the theme of “milk rivers” from Russian fairy tales.
The Road to the Temple
Under a grant from the Small Towns Competition, the main street and temple area of the village of Nikolo-Berezovka near Neftekamsk has been improved. A consortium of APRELarchitects and Novaya Zemlya is turning the village into an open-air museum and integrating ruined buildings into public life.
​Towers Leaning Towards the Sun
The three towers of the residential complex “Novodanilovskaya 8” are new and the tallest neighbors of the Danilovsky Manufactory, “Fort”, and “Plaza”, complementing a whole cluster of modern buildings designed by renowned masters. At the same time, the towers are unique for this setting – they are residential, they are the tallest ones here, and they are located on a challenging site. In this article, we explore how architects Andrey Romanov and Ekaterina Kuznetsova tackled this far-from-trivial task.
In the spirit of ROSTA posters
The new Rostselmash tractor factory, conceptualized by ASADOV Architects, is currently being completed in Rostov-on-Don. References to the Soviet architecture of the 1920’s and 1960’s resonate with the mission and strategic importance of the enterprise, and are also in line with the client’s wish: to pay homage to Rostov’s constructivism.
The Northern Thebaid
The central part of Ferapontovo village, adjacent to the famous monastery with frescoes by Dionisy, has been improved according to the project by APRELarchitects. Now the place offers basic services for tourists, as well as a place for the villagers’ leisure.
Brilliant Production
The architects from London-based MOST Architecture have designed the space for the high-tech production of Charge Cars, a high-performance production facility for high-speed electric cars that are assembled in the shell of legendary Ford Mustangs. The founders of both the company and the car assembly startup are Russians who were educated in their home country.